systemd-analyze — Analyze and debug system manager
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...] [time]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  blame 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  critical-chain  [UNIT...]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  dump  [PATTERN...]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  plot  [>file.svg]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  dot  [PATTERN...] [>file.dot]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  unit-files 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  unit-paths 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  exit-status  [STATUS...]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  capability  [ CAPABILITY...  |   
          { -m  |   --mask }
          MASK
         ]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  condition   CONDITION… 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  syscall-filter  [SET…]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  filesystems  [SET…]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  calendar   SPEC... 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  timestamp   TIMESTAMP... 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  timespan   SPAN... 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  cat-config   NAME|PATH... 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  compare-versions   VERSION1  [OP]  VERSION2 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  verify   FILE... 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  security  [UNIT...]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  inspect-elf   FILE... 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  malloc  [D-BUS SERVICE...]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  fdstore   UNIT... 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  image-policy   POLICY... 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  has-tpm2 
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  pcrs  [PCR...]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  srk  [>FILE]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  architectures  [NAME...]
systemd-analyze  [OPTIONS...]  smbios11 
systemd-analyze may be used to determine system boot-up performance statistics and retrieve other state and tracing information from the system and service manager, and to verify the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access special functions useful for advanced system manager debugging.
If no command is passed, systemd-analyze time is implied.
This command prints the time spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the time spent in the initrd before normal system userspace has been reached, and the time normal system userspace took to initialize. Note that these measurements simply measure the time passed up to the point where all system services have been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully finished initialization or the disk is idle.
Example 1. Show how long the boot took
# in a container $ systemd-analyze time Startup finished in 296ms (userspace) multi-user.target reached after 275ms in userspace # on a real machine $ systemd-analyze time Startup finished in 2.584s (kernel) + 19.176s (initrd) + 47.847s (userspace) = 1min 9.608s multi-user.target reached after 47.820s in userspace
This command prints a list of all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize.
      This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that the output might be misleading as the
      initialization of one service might be slow simply because it waits for the initialization of another
      service to complete.  Also note: systemd-analyze blame doesn't display results for
      services with Type=simple, because systemd considers such services to be started
      immediately, hence no measurement of the initialization delays can be done. Also note that this command
      only shows the time units took for starting up, it does not show how long unit jobs spent in the
      execution queue. In particular it shows the time units spent in "activating" state,
      which is not defined for units such as device units that transition directly from
      "inactive" to "active". This command hence gives an impression of the
      performance of program code, but cannot accurately reflect latency introduced by waiting for
      hardware and similar events.
Example 2. Show which units took the most time during boot
$ systemd-analyze blame
         32.875s pmlogger.service
         20.905s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service
         13.299s dev-vda1.device
         ...
            23ms sysroot.mount
            11ms initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service
             3ms sys-kernel-config.mount
UNIT...]¶This command prints a tree of the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified
      UNITs or for the default target otherwise). The time after the unit is
      active or started is printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after
      the "+" character. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of services might
      depend on socket activation and because of the parallel execution of units. Also, similarly to the
      blame command, this only takes into account the time units spent in
      "activating" state, and hence does not cover units that never went through an
      "activating" state (such as device units that transition directly from
      "inactive" to "active"). Moreover it does not show information on
      jobs (and in particular not jobs that timed out).
Example 3. systemd-analyze critical-chain
$ systemd-analyze critical-chain
multi-user.target @47.820s
└─pmie.service @35.968s +548ms
  └─pmcd.service @33.715s +2.247s
    └─network-online.target @33.712s
      └─systemd-networkd-wait-online.service @12.804s +20.905s
        └─systemd-networkd.service @11.109s +1.690s
          └─systemd-udevd.service @9.201s +1.904s
            └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @7.306s +1.776s
              └─kmod-static-nodes.service @6.976s +177ms
                └─systemd-journald.socket
                  └─system.slice
                    └─-.slice
pattern…]¶Without any parameter, this command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable serialization of the complete service manager state. Optional glob pattern may be specified, causing the output to be limited to units whose names match one of the patterns. The output format is subject to change without notice and should not be parsed by applications. This command is rate limited for unprivileged users.
Example 4. Show the internal state of user manager
$ systemd-analyze --user dump
Timestamp userspace: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp generators-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp generators-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp units-load-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp units-load-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
-> Unit proc-timer_list.mount:
        Description: /proc/timer_list
        ...
-> Unit default.target:
        Description: Main user target
...
D-Bus service…]¶This command can be used to request the output of the internal memory state (as returned by
      malloc_info(3))
      of a D-Bus service. If no service is specified, the query will be sent to
      org.freedesktop.systemd1 (the system or user service manager). The output format
      is not guaranteed to be stable and should not be parsed by applications.
The service must implement the org.freedesktop.MemoryAllocation1 interface.
      In the systemd suite, it is currently only implemented by the manager.
This command prints either an SVG graphic, detailing which system services have been started at what time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization, or the raw time data in JSON or table format.
Note that this plot is based on the most recent per-unit timing data of loaded units. This means that if a unit gets started, then stopped and then started again the information shown will cover the most recent start cycle, not the first one. Thus it's recommended to consult this information only shortly after boot, so that this distinction doesn't matter. Moreover, units that are not referenced by any other unit through a dependency might be unloaded by the service manager once they terminate (and did not fail). Such units will not show up in the plot.
pattern...]¶This command generates textual dependency graph description in dot format for further processing
      with the GraphViz
      dot(1)
      tool. Use a command line like systemd-analyze dot | dot -Tsvg >systemd.svg to
      generate a graphical dependency tree. Unless --order or --require is
      passed, the generated graph will show both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern
      globbing style specifications (e.g. *.target) may be given at the end. A unit
      dependency is included in the graph if any of these patterns match either the origin or destination
      node.
Example 6. Plot all dependencies of any unit whose name starts with "avahi-daemon"
        
$ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg >avahi.svg $ eog avahi.svg
Example 7. Plot the dependencies between all known target units
$ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' \
      | dot -Tsvg >targets.svg
$ eog targets.svgThis command outputs a list of all directories from which unit files, .d
      overrides, and .wants, .requires symlinks may be
      loaded. Combine with --user to retrieve the list for the user manager instance, and
      --global for the global configuration of user manager instances.
Example 8. Show all paths for generated units
$ systemd-analyze unit-paths | grep '^/run' /run/systemd/system.control /run/systemd/transient /run/systemd/generator.early /run/systemd/system /run/systemd/system.attached /run/systemd/generator /run/systemd/generator.late
Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into systemd-analyze itself, and does not communicate with the running manager. Use
systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value
to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories omitted.
STATUS...]¶This command prints a list of exit statuses along with their "class", i.e. the source of the
      definition (one of "glibc", "systemd", "LSB", or
      "BSD"), see the Process Exit Codes section in
      systemd.exec(5).
      If no additional arguments are specified, all known statuses are shown. Otherwise, only the
      definitions for the specified codes are shown.
Example 9. Show some example exit status names
$ systemd-analyze exit-status 0 1 {63..65}
NAME    STATUS CLASS
SUCCESS 0      glibc
FAILURE 1      glibc
-       63     -
USAGE   64     BSD
DATAERR 65     BSD
CAPABILITY...  |   
              { -m  |   --mask }
              MASK
             ]
        
      ¶This command prints a list of Linux capabilities along with their numeric IDs. See capabilities(7)
      for details. If no argument is specified the full list of capabilities known to the service manager and
      the kernel is shown. Capabilities defined by the kernel but not known to the service manager are shown
      as "cap_???". Optionally, if arguments are specified they may refer to specific
      cabilities by name or numeric ID, in which case only the indicated capabilities are shown in the
      table.
Alternatively, if --mask is passed, a single numeric argument must be specified,
      which is interpreted as a hexadecimal capability mask. In this case, only the capabilities present in
      the mask are shown in the table. This mode is intended to aid in decoding capability sets available
      via various debugging interfaces (e.g. "/proc/PID/status").
Example 10. Show some example capability names
$ systemd-analyze capability 0 1 {30..32}
NAME              NUMBER
cap_chown              0
cap_dac_override       1
cap_audit_control     30
cap_setfcap           31
cap_mac_override      32Example 11. Decode a capability mask extracted from /proc
$ systemd-analyze capability -m 0000000000003c00 NAME NUMBER cap_net_bind_service 10 cap_net_broadcast 11 cap_net_admin 12 cap_net_raw 13
CONDITION...¶This command will evaluate Condition*=... and
      Assert*=... assignments, and print their values, and
      the resulting value of the combined condition set. See
      systemd.unit(5)
      for a list of available conditions and asserts.
Example 12. Evaluate conditions that check kernel versions
$ systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionKernelVersion = ! <4.0' \
        'ConditionKernelVersion = >=5.1' \
        'ConditionACPower=|false' \
        'ConditionArchitecture=|!arm' \
        'AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release'
test.service: AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release succeeded.
Asserts succeeded.
test.service: ConditionArchitecture=|!arm succeeded.
test.service: ConditionACPower=|false failed.
test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=>=5.1 succeeded.
test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=!<4.0 succeeded.
Conditions succeeded.SET...]¶This command will list system calls contained in the specified system call set
      SET, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument
      SET must include the "@" prefix.
SET...]¶This command will list filesystems in the specified filesystem set
      SET, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument
      SET must include the "@" prefix.
EXPRESSION...¶This command will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time events, and will calculate when
      they elapse next. This takes the same input as the OnCalendar= setting in
      systemd.timer(5),
      following the syntax described in
      systemd.time(7). By
      default, only the next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown; use
      --iterations= to show the specified number of next times the expression
      elapses. Each time the expression elapses forms a timestamp, see the timestamp
      verb below.
Example 13. Show leap days in the near future
$ systemd-analyze calendar --iterations=5 '*-2-29 0:0:0'
  Original form: *-2-29 0:0:0
Normalized form: *-02-29 00:00:00
    Next elapse: Sat 2020-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
       From now: 11 months 15 days left
       Iter. #2: Thu 2024-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
       From now: 4 years 11 months left
       Iter. #3: Tue 2028-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
       From now: 8 years 11 months left
       Iter. #4: Sun 2032-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
       From now: 12 years 11 months left
       Iter. #5: Fri 2036-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
       From now: 16 years 11 months left
TIMESTAMP...¶This command parses a timestamp (i.e. a single point in time) and outputs the normalized form and the difference between this timestamp and now. The timestamp should adhere to the syntax documented in systemd.time(7), section "PARSING TIMESTAMPS".
Example 14. Show parsing of timestamps
$ systemd-analyze timestamp yesterday now tomorrow
  Original form: yesterday
Normalized form: Mon 2019-05-20 00:00:00 CEST
       (in UTC): Sun 2019-05-19 22:00:00 UTC
   UNIX seconds: @15583032000
       From now: 1 day 9h ago
  Original form: now
Normalized form: Tue 2019-05-21 09:48:39 CEST
       (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 07:48:39 UTC
   UNIX seconds: @1558424919.659757
       From now: 43us ago
  Original form: tomorrow
Normalized form: Wed 2019-05-22 00:00:00 CEST
       (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 22:00:00 UTC
   UNIX seconds: @15584760000
       From now: 14h left
EXPRESSION...¶This command parses a time span (i.e. a difference between two timestamps) and outputs the normalized form and the equivalent value in microseconds. The time span should adhere to the syntax documented in systemd.time(7), section "PARSING TIME SPANS". Values without units are parsed as seconds.
Example 15. Show parsing of timespans
$ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s'
Original: 1s
      μs: 1000000
   Human: 1s
Original: 300s
      μs: 300000000
   Human: 5min
Original: 1year 0.000001s
      μs: 31557600000001
   Human: 1y 1us
NAME|PATH...¶This command is similar to systemctl cat, but operates on config files. It
      will copy the contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard output, using the usual systemd
      set of directories and rules for precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path including
      the prefix (such as /etc/systemd/logind.conf or
      /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf), or a name relative to the prefix (such as
      systemd/logind.conf).
Example 16. Showing logind configuration
$ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf # /etc/systemd/logind.conf ... [Login] NAutoVTs=8 ... # /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d/20-test.conf ... some override from another package # /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf ... some administrator override
VERSION1
      [OP]
      VERSION2¶This command has two distinct modes of operation, depending on whether the operator
      OP is specified.
In the first mode — when OP is not specified — it will compare the two
      version strings and print either "VERSION1 <
      VERSION2VERSION1 ==
      VERSION2VERSION1 >
      VERSION2
The exit status is 0 if the versions are equal, 11 if
      the version of the right is smaller, and 12 if the version of the left is
      smaller. (This matches the convention used by rpmdev-vercmp.)
In the second mode — when OP is specified — it will compare the two
      version strings using the operation OP and return 0
      (success) if they condition is satisfied, and 1 (failure)
      otherwise. OP may be lt, le,
      eq, ne, ge, gt. In this
      mode, no output is printed.
      (This matches the convention used by
      dpkg(1)
      --compare-versions.)
Example 17. Compare versions of a package
$ systemd-analyze compare-versions systemd-250~rc1.fc36.aarch64 systemd-251.fc36.aarch64 systemd-250~rc1.fc36.aarch64 < systemd-251.fc36.aarch64 $ echo $? 12 $ systemd-analyze compare-versions 1 lt 2; echo $? 0 $ systemd-analyze compare-versions 1 ge 2; echo $? 1
FILE...¶This command will load unit files and print warnings if any errors are detected. Files specified
      on the command line will be loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. A unit's name on disk
      can be overridden by specifying an alias after a colon; see below for an example. The full unit search
      path is formed by combining the directories for all command line arguments, and the usual unit load
      paths. The variable $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH is supported, and may be used to replace or
      augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see
      systemd.unit(5). All
      units files present in the directories containing the command line arguments will be used in preference
      to the other paths. If a template unit without an instance name is specified (e.g.
      foo@.service), "test_instance" will be used as the instance
      name, which can be controlled by --instance= option.
The following errors are currently detected:
unknown sections and directives,
missing dependencies which are required to start the given unit,
man pages listed in Documentation= which are not found in the
        system,
commands listed in ExecStart= and similar which are not found in
        the system or not executable.
Example 18. Misspelt directives
$ cat ./user.slice [Unit] WhatIsThis=11 Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1) Requires=different.service [Service] Description=x $ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice [./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue 'WhatIsThis' in section 'Unit' [./user.slice:13] Unknown section 'Service'. Ignoring. Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed: Unit different.service failed to load: No such file or directory. Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16
Example 19. Missing service units
$ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket ==> ./a.socket <== [Socket] ListenStream=100 ==> ./b.socket <== [Socket] ListenStream=100 Accept=yes $ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started. Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started.
Example 20. Aliasing a unit
$ cat /tmp/source [Unit] Description=Hostname printer [Service] Type=simple ExecStart=/usr/bin/echo %H MysteryKey=true $ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source Failed to prepare filename /tmp/source: Invalid argument $ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source:alias.service alias.service:7: Unknown key name 'MysteryKey' in section 'Service', ignoring.
UNIT...]¶This command analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more specified service units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the specified service units are inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is specified, all currently loaded, long-running service units are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command checks for various security-related service settings, assigning each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending on how important a setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which is an estimation in the range 0.0…10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure levels indicate very little applied sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate tight sandboxing and strongest security restrictions. Note that this only analyzes the per-service security features systemd itself implements. This means that any additional security mechanisms applied by the service code itself are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way should not be misunderstood: a high exposure level neither means that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the service code itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels do indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied to them.
Please note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be circumvented — unless combined with others. For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or undo mount points many of the sandboxing options can be undone by the service code itself. Due to that is essential that each service uses the most comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings possible. The tool will take into account some of these combinations and relationships between the settings, but not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing settings analyzed here only apply to the operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to an IPC system (such as D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to the same restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC access policy is not validated too.
Example 21. Analyze systemd-logind.service
$ systemd-analyze security --no-pager systemd-logind.service NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE ✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5 ✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4 ✗ DeviceAllow= Service has no device ACL 0.2 ✓ IPAddressDeny= Service blocks all IP address ranges ... → Overall exposure level for systemd-logind.service: 4.1 OK 🙂
FILE...¶This command will load the specified files, and if they are ELF objects (executables, libraries, core files, etc.) it will parse the embedded packaging metadata, if any, and print it in a table or json format. See the Packaging Metadata documentation for more information.
Example 22. Print information about a core file as JSON
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf --json=pretty \
        core.fsverity.1000.f77dac5dc161402aa44e15b7dd9dcf97.58561.1637106137000000
{
        "elfType" : "coredump",
        "elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
        "/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
                "type" : "deb",
                "name" : "fsverity-utils",
                "version" : "1.3-1",
                "buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
        },
        "/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : {
                "type" : "deb",
                "name" : "fsverity-utils",
                "version" : "1.3-1",
                "buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88"
        }
}
UNIT...¶Lists the current contents of the specified service unit's file descriptor store. This shows
      names, inode types, device numbers, inode numbers, paths and open modes of the open file
      descriptors. The specified units must have FileDescriptorStoreMax= enabled, see
      systemd.service(5) for
      details.
Example 23. Table output
$ systemd-analyze fdstore systemd-journald.service FDNAME TYPE DEVNO INODE RDEVNO PATH FLAGS stored sock 0:8 4218620 - socket:[4218620] ro stored sock 0:8 4213198 - socket:[4213198] ro stored sock 0:8 4213190 - socket:[4213190] ro …
Note: the "DEVNO" column refers to the major/minor numbers of the device node backing the file
      system the file descriptor's inode is on. The "RDEVNO" column refers to the major/minor numbers of the
      device node itself if the file descriptor refers to one. Compare with corresponding
      .st_dev and .st_rdev fields in struct stat (see
      stat(2) for
      details). The listed inode numbers in the "INODE" column are on the file system indicated by
      "DEVNO".
POLICY…¶This command analyzes the specified image policy string, as per systemd.image-policy(7). The policy is normalized and simplified. For each currently defined partition identifier (as per the Discoverable Partitions Specification) the effect of the image policy string is shown in tabular form.
Example 24. Example Output
$ systemd-analyze image-policy swap=encrypted:usr=read-only-on+verity:root=encrypted
Analyzing policy: root=encrypted:usr=verity+read-only-on:swap=encrypted
       Long form: root=encrypted:usr=verity+read-only-on:swap=encrypted:=unused+absent
PARTITION       MODE        READ-ONLY GROWFS
root            encrypted   -         -
usr             verity      yes       -
home            ignore      -         -
srv             ignore      -         -
esp             ignore      -         -
xbootldr        ignore      -         -
swap            encrypted   -         -
root-verity     ignore      -         -
usr-verity      unprotected yes       -
root-verity-sig ignore      -         -
usr-verity-sig  ignore      -         -
tmp             ignore      -         -
var             ignore      -         -
default         ignore      -         -Reports whether the system is equipped with a usable TPM2 device. If a TPM2 device has been
      discovered, is supported, and is being used by firmware, by the OS kernel drivers and by userspace
      (i.e. systemd) this prints "yes" and exits with exit status zero. If no such device is
      discovered/supported/used, prints "no". Otherwise prints
      "partial". In either of these two cases exits with non-zero exit status. It also shows
      five lines indicating separately whether firmware, drivers, the system, the kernel and libraries
      discovered/support/use TPM2. Currently, required libraries are libtss2-esys.so.0,
      libtss2-rc.so.0, and libtss2-mu.so.0. The requirement may be
      changed in the future release.
Note, this checks for TPM 2.0 devices only, and does not consider TPM 1.2 at all.
Combine with --quiet to suppress the output.
Example 25. Example Output
yes +firmware +driver +system +subsystem +libraries +libtss2-esys.so.0 +libtss2-rc.so.0 +libtss2-mu.so.0
PCR…]¶This command shows the known TPM2 PCRs along with their identifying names and current values.
Example 26. Example Output
$ systemd-analyze pcrs NR NAME SHA256 0 platform-code bcd2eb527108bbb1f5528409bcbe310aa9b74f687854cc5857605993f3d9eb11 1 platform-config b60622856eb7ce52637b80f30a520e6e87c347daa679f3335f4f1a600681bb01 2 external-code 1471262403e9a62f9c392941300b4807fbdb6f0bfdd50abfab752732087017dd 3 external-config 3d458cfe55cc03ea1f443f1562beec8df51c75e14a9fcf9a7234a13f198e7969 4 boot-loader-code 939f7fa1458e1f7ce968874d908e524fc0debf890383d355e4ce347b7b78a95c 5 boot-loader-config 864c61c5ea5ecbdb6951e6cb6d9c1f4b4eac79772f7fe13b8bece569d83d3768 6 - 3d458cfe55cc03ea1f443f1562beec8df51c75e14a9fcf9a7234a13f198e7969 7 secure-boot-policy 9c905bd9b9891bfb889b90a54c4b537b889cfa817c4389cc25754823a9443255 8 - 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 9 kernel-initrd 9caa29b128113ef42aa53d421f03437be57211e5ebafc0fa8b5d4514ee37ff0c 10 ima 5ea9e3dab53eb6b483b6ec9e3b2c712bea66bca1b155637841216e0094387400 11 kernel-boot 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 12 kernel-config 627ffa4b405e911902fe1f1a8b0164693b31acab04f805f15bccfe2209c7eace 13 sysexts 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 14 shim-policy 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 15 system-identity 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 16 debug 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 17 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 18 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 19 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 20 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 21 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 22 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff 23 application-support 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
FILE]¶This command reads the Storage Root Key (SRK) from the TPM2 device, and writes it in marshalled TPM2B_PUBLIC format to stdout. The output is non-printable data, so it should be redirected to a file or into a pipe.
NAME...]¶Lists all known CPU architectures, and which ones are native. The listed architecture names are
      those ConditionArchitecture= supports, see
      systemd.unit(5) for
      details. If architecture names are specified only those specified are listed.
Example 28. Table output
$ systemd-analyze architectures NAME SUPPORT alpha foreign arc foreign arc-be foreign arm foreign arm64 foreign … sparc foreign sparc64 foreign tilegx foreign x86 secondary x86-64 native
Shows a list of SMBIOS Type #11 strings passed to the system. Also see smbios-type-11(7).
Example 29. Example output
$ systemd-analyze smbios11 io.systemd.stub.kernel-cmdline-extra=console=ttyS0 io.systemd.credential.binary:ssh.ephemeral-authorized_keys-all=c3NoLWVkMjU1MTkgQUFBQUMzTnphQzFsWkRJMU5URTVBQUFBSURGd20xbFp4WlRGclJteG9ZQlozOTYzcE1uYlJCaDMwM1MxVXhLSUM2NmYgbGVubmFydEB6ZXRhCg== io.systemd.credential:vmm.notify_socket=vsock-stream:2:254570042 3 SMBIOS Type #11 strings passed.
The following options are understood:
--system¶Operates on the system systemd instance. This is the implied default.
--user¶Operates on the user systemd instance.
--global¶Operates on the system-wide configuration for user systemd instance.
--order, --require¶When used in conjunction with the dot command (see above),
        selects which dependencies are shown in the dependency graph. If --order is passed,
        only dependencies of type After= or Before= are shown.
        If --require is passed, only dependencies of type Requires=,
        Requisite=, BindsTo=, Wants=, and
        Conflicts= are shown. If neither is passed, this shows dependencies of
        all these types.
--from-pattern=, --to-pattern=¶When used in conjunction with the dot command (see above), this selects which relationships are shown in the dependency graph. Both options require a glob(7) pattern as an argument, which will be matched against the left-hand and the right-hand, respectively, nodes of a relationship.
Each of these can be used more than once, in which case the unit name must match one of the values. When tests for both sides of the relation are present, a relation must pass both tests to be shown. When patterns are also specified as positional arguments, they must match at least one side of the relation. In other words, patterns specified with those two options will trim the list of edges matched by the positional arguments, if any are given, and fully determine the list of edges shown otherwise.
--fuzz=timespan¶When used in conjunction with the
        critical-chain command (see above), also
        show units, which finished timespan
        earlier, than the latest unit in the same level. The unit of
        timespan is seconds unless
        specified with a different unit, e.g.
        "50ms".
--man=no¶Do not invoke
        man(1)
        to verify the existence of man pages listed in Documentation=.
--generators¶Invoke unit generators, see systemd.generator(7). Some generators require root privileges. Under a normal user, running with generators enabled will generally result in some warnings.
--instance=NAME¶Specifies fallback instance name for template units. This will be used when one or more
          template units without an instance name (e.g. foo@.service) specified for
          systemd-analyze condition with --unit=,
          systemd-analyze security, and systemd-analyze verify.
          If unspecified, "test_instance" will be used.
--recursive-errors=MODE¶Control verification of units and their dependencies and whether systemd-analyze verify exits with a non-zero process exit status or not. With yes, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of either the specified unit or any of its associated dependencies. With no, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of only the specified unit. With one, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of either the specified unit or its immediate dependencies. If this option is not specified, zero is returned as the exit status regardless whether warnings arise during verification or not.
--root=PATH¶With cat-config, verify,
        condition and security when used with
        --offline=, operate on files underneath the specified root path
        PATH.
--image=PATH¶With cat-config, verify,
        condition and security when used with
        --offline=, operate on files inside the specified image path
        PATH.
--image-policy=policy¶Takes an image policy string as argument, as per
    systemd.image-policy(7). The
    policy is enforced when operating on the disk image specified via --image=, see
    above. If not specified defaults to the "*" policy, i.e. all recognized file systems
    in the image are used.
--offline=BOOL¶With security, perform an offline security review
        of the specified unit files, i.e. does not have to rely on PID 1 to acquire security
        information for the files like the security verb when used by itself does.
        This means that --offline= can be used with --root= and
        --image= as well. If a unit's overall exposure level is above that set by
        --threshold= (default value is 100), --offline= will return
        an error.
--profile=PATH¶With security --offline=, takes into
        consideration the specified portable profile when assessing unit settings.
        The profile can be passed by name, in which case the well-known system locations will
        be searched, or it can be the full path to a specific drop-in file.
--threshold=NUMBER¶With security, allow the user to set a custom value
        to compare the overall exposure level with, for the specified unit files. If a unit's
        overall exposure level, is greater than that set by the user, security
        will return an error. --threshold= can be used with --offline=
        as well and its default value is 100.
--security-policy=PATH¶With security, allow the user to define a custom set of requirements formatted as a JSON file against which to compare the specified unit file(s) and determine their overall exposure level to security threats.
Table 1. Accepted Assessment Test Identifiers
| Assessment Test Identifier | 
|---|
| UserOrDynamicUser | 
| SupplementaryGroups | 
| PrivateMounts | 
| PrivateDevices | 
| PrivateTmp | 
| PrivateNetwork | 
| PrivateUsers | 
| ProtectControlGroups | 
| ProtectKernelModules | 
| ProtectKernelTunables | 
| ProtectKernelLogs | 
| ProtectClock | 
| ProtectHome | 
| ProtectHostname | 
| ProtectSystem | 
| RootDirectoryOrRootImage | 
| LockPersonality | 
| MemoryDenyWriteExecute | 
| NoNewPrivileges | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_ADMIN | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_PTRACE | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TIME | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_ADMIN | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_RAWIO | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_MODULE | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_AUDIT | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYSLOG | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_NICE_RESOURCE | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MKNOD | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_CHOWN_FSETID_SETFCAP | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_DAC_FOWNER_IPC_OWNER | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_KILL | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE_BROADCAST_RAW | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_BOOT | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MAC | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_IPC_LOCK | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_CHROOT | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_WAKE_ALARM | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LEASE | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG | 
| CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_BPF | 
| UMask | 
| KeyringMode | 
| ProtectProc | 
| ProcSubset | 
| NotifyAccess | 
| RemoveIPC | 
| Delegate | 
| RestrictRealtime | 
| RestrictSUIDSGID | 
| RestrictNamespaces_user | 
| RestrictNamespaces_mnt | 
| RestrictNamespaces_ipc | 
| RestrictNamespaces_pid | 
| RestrictNamespaces_cgroup | 
| RestrictNamespaces_uts | 
| RestrictNamespaces_net | 
| RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_INET_INET6 | 
| RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_UNIX | 
| RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_NETLINK | 
| RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_PACKET | 
| RestrictAddressFamilies_OTHER | 
| SystemCallArchitectures | 
| SystemCallFilter_swap | 
| SystemCallFilter_obsolete | 
| SystemCallFilter_clock | 
| SystemCallFilter_cpu_emulation | 
| SystemCallFilter_debug | 
| SystemCallFilter_mount | 
| SystemCallFilter_module | 
| SystemCallFilter_raw_io | 
| SystemCallFilter_reboot | 
| SystemCallFilter_privileged | 
| SystemCallFilter_resources | 
| IPAddressDeny | 
| DeviceAllow | 
| AmbientCapabilities | 
See example "JSON Policy" below.
--json=MODE¶With the security command, generate a JSON formatted
        output of the security analysis table. The format is a JSON array with objects
        containing the following fields: set which indicates if the setting has
        been enabled or not, name which is what is used to refer to the setting,
        json_field which is the JSON compatible identifier of the setting,
        description which is an outline of the setting state, and
        exposure which is a number in the range 0.0…10.0, where a higher value
        corresponds to a higher security threat. The JSON version of the table is printed to standard
        output. The MODE passed to the option can be one of three:
        off which is the default, pretty and short
        which respectively output a prettified or shorted JSON version of the security table.
        With the plot command, generate a JSON formatted output of the raw time data.
        The format is a JSON array with objects containing the following fields: name
        which is the unit name, activated which is the time after startup the
        service was activated, activating which is how long after startup the service
        was initially started, time which is how long the service took to activate
        from when it was initially started, deactivated which is the time after startup
        that the service was deactivated, deactivating which is the time after startup
        that the service was initially told to deactivate.
        
--iterations=NUMBER¶When used with the calendar command, show the specified number of iterations the specified calendar expression will elapse next. Defaults to 1.
--base-time=TIMESTAMP¶When used with the calendar command, show next iterations relative to the specified point in time. If not specified defaults to the current time.
--unit=UNIT¶When used with the condition command, evaluate all the
        Condition*=... and Assert*=...
        assignments in the specified unit file. The full unit search path is formed by combining the
        directories for the specified unit with the usual unit load paths. The variable
        $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH is supported, and may be used to replace or augment the
        compiled in set of unit load paths; see
        systemd.unit(5). All
        units files present in the directory containing the specified unit will be used in preference to the
        other paths. If a template unit without an instance name is specified (e.g.
        foo@.service), "test_instance" will be used as the instance
        name, which can be controlled by --instance= option.
--table¶When used with the plot command, the raw time data is output in a table.
--no-legend¶When used with the plot command in combination with either
        --table or --json=, no legends or hints are included in the output.
        
-H, --host=¶Execute the operation remotely. Specify a hostname, or a
      username and hostname separated by "@", to
      connect to. The hostname may optionally be suffixed by a
      port ssh is listening on, separated by ":", and then a
      container name, separated by "/", which
      connects directly to a specific container on the specified
      host. This will use SSH to talk to the remote machine manager
      instance. Container names may be enumerated with
      machinectl -H
      HOST. Put IPv6 addresses in brackets.
-M, --machine=¶Execute operation on a local container. Specify a container name to connect to, optionally
      prefixed by a user name to connect as and a separating "@" character. If the special
      string ".host" is used in place of the container name, a connection to the local
      system is made (which is useful to connect to a specific user's user bus: "--user
      --machine=lennart@.host"). If the "@" syntax is not used, the connection is
      made as root user. If the "@" syntax is used either the left hand side or the right hand
      side may be omitted (but not both) in which case the local user name and ".host" are
      implied.
-q, --quiet¶Suppress hints and other non-essential output.
--tldr¶With cat-config, only print the "interesting" parts of the configuration files, skipping comments and empty lines and section headers followed only by comments and empty lines.
--scale-svg=FACTOR¶When used with the plot command, the x-axis of the plot can be stretched by FACTOR (default: 1.0).
--detailed¶When used with the plot command, activation timestamps details can be seen in SVG plot.
-h, --help¶--version¶--no-pager¶Do not pipe output into a pager.
For most commands, 0 is returned on success, and a non-zero failure code otherwise.
With the verb compare-versions, in the two-argument form,
    12, 0, 11 is returned if the second
    version string is respectively larger, equal, or smaller to the first. In the three-argument form,
    0 or 1 if the condition is respectively true or false.
In case of the has-tpm2 command returns 0 if a TPM2 device is discovered, supported and used by firmware, driver, and userspace (i.e. systemd). Otherwise returns the OR combination of the value 1 (in case firmware support is missing), 2 (in case driver support is missing) and 4 (in case userspace support is missing). If no TPM2 support is available at all, value 7 is hence returned.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL¶The maximum log level of emitted messages (messages with a higher
      log level, i.e. less important ones, will be suppressed). Takes a comma-separated list of values. A
      value may be either one of (in order of decreasing importance) emerg,
      alert, crit, err,
      warning, notice, info,
      debug, or an integer in the range 0…7. See
      syslog(3)
      for more information. Each value may optionally be prefixed with one of console,
      syslog, kmsg or journal followed by a
      colon to set the maximum log level for that specific log target (e.g.
      SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL=debug,console:info specifies to log at debug level except when
      logging to the console which should be at info level). Note that the global maximum log level takes
      priority over any per target maximum log levels.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR¶A boolean. If true, messages written to the tty will be colored according to priority.
This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal, because journalctl(1) and other tools that display logs will color messages based on the log level on their own.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_TIME¶A boolean. If true, console log messages will be prefixed with a timestamp.
This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal or a file, because journalctl(1) and other tools that display logs will attach timestamps based on the entry metadata on their own.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION¶A boolean. If true, messages will be prefixed with a filename and line number in the source code where the message originates.
Note that the log location is often attached as metadata to journal entries anyway. Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when debugging programs.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_TID¶A boolean. If true, messages will be prefixed with the current numerical thread ID (TID).
Note that the this information is attached as metadata to journal entries anyway. Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when debugging programs.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET¶The destination for log messages. One of
      console (log to the attached tty), console-prefixed (log to
      the attached tty but with prefixes encoding the log level and "facility", see syslog(3),
      kmsg (log to the kernel circular log buffer), journal (log to
      the journal), journal-or-kmsg (log to the journal if available, and to kmsg
      otherwise), auto (determine the appropriate log target automatically, the default),
      null (disable log output).
$SYSTEMD_LOG_RATELIMIT_KMSG¶ Whether to ratelimit kmsg or not. Takes a boolean.
      Defaults to "true". If disabled, systemd will not ratelimit messages written to kmsg.
      
$SYSTEMD_PAGER¶Pager to use when --no-pager is not given; overrides
      $PAGER. If neither $SYSTEMD_PAGER nor $PAGER are set, a
      set of well-known pager implementations are tried in turn, including
      less(1) and
      more(1), until one is found. If
      no pager implementation is discovered no pager is invoked. Setting this environment variable to an empty string
      or the value "cat" is equivalent to passing --no-pager.
Note: if $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set, $SYSTEMD_PAGER
      (as well as $PAGER) will be silently ignored.
$SYSTEMD_LESS¶Override the options passed to less (by default
      "FRSXMK").
Users might want to change two options in particular:
K¶This option instructs the pager to exit immediately when Ctrl+C is pressed. To allow less to handle Ctrl+C itself to switch back to the pager command prompt, unset this option.
If the value of $SYSTEMD_LESS does not include "K",
            and the pager that is invoked is less,
            Ctrl+C will be ignored by the
            executable, and needs to be handled by the pager.
X¶This option instructs the pager to not send termcap initialization and deinitialization strings to the terminal. It is set by default to allow command output to remain visible in the terminal even after the pager exits. Nevertheless, this prevents some pager functionality from working, in particular paged output cannot be scrolled with the mouse.
Note that setting the regular $LESS environment variable has no effect
      for less invocations by systemd tools.
See less(1) for more discussion.
$SYSTEMD_LESSCHARSET¶Override the charset passed to less (by default "utf-8", if
      the invoking terminal is determined to be UTF-8 compatible).
Note that setting the regular $LESSCHARSET environment variable has no effect
      for less invocations by systemd tools.
$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE¶Takes a boolean argument. When true, the "secure" mode of the pager is enabled; if
      false, disabled. If $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set at all, secure mode is enabled
      if the effective UID is not the same as the owner of the login session, see
      geteuid(2)
      and sd_pid_get_owner_uid(3).
      In secure mode, LESSSECURE=1 will be set when invoking the pager, and the pager shall
      disable commands that open or create new files or start new subprocesses. When
      $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set at all, pagers which are not known to implement
      secure mode will not be used. (Currently only
      less(1)
      implements secure mode.)
Note: when commands are invoked with elevated privileges, for example under sudo(8) or
      pkexec(1), care
      must be taken to ensure that unintended interactive features are not enabled. "Secure" mode for the
      pager may be enabled automatically as describe above. Setting SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE=0
      or not removing it from the inherited environment allows the user to invoke arbitrary commands. Note
      that if the $SYSTEMD_PAGER or $PAGER variables are to be
      honoured, $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE must be set too. It might be reasonable to completely
      disable the pager using --no-pager instead.
$SYSTEMD_COLORS¶Takes a boolean argument. When true, systemd and related utilities
      will use colors in their output, otherwise the output will be monochrome. Additionally, the variable can
      take one of the following special values: "16", "256" to restrict the use
      of colors to the base 16 or 256 ANSI colors, respectively. This can be specified to override the automatic
      decision based on $TERM and what the console is connected to.
$SYSTEMD_URLIFY¶The value must be a boolean. Controls whether clickable links should be generated in
      the output for terminal emulators supporting this. This can be specified to override the decision that
      systemd makes based on $TERM and other conditions.
Example 30. JSON Policy
The JSON file passed as a path parameter to --security-policy= has a top-level
      JSON object, with keys being the assessment test identifiers mentioned above. The values in the file
      should be JSON objects with one or more of the following fields: description_na
      (string), description_good (string), description_bad (string),
      weight (unsigned integer), and range (unsigned integer). If any of
      these fields corresponding to a specific id of the unit file is missing from the JSON object, the
      default built-in field value corresponding to that same id is used for security analysis as default.
      The weight and range fields are used in determining the overall exposure level of the unit files: the
      value of each setting is assigned a badness score, which is multiplied by the policy weight and divided
      by the policy range to determine the overall exposure that the setting implies. The computed badness is
      summed across all settings in the unit file, normalized to the 1…100 range, and used to determine the
      overall exposure level of the unit.  By allowing users to manipulate these fields, the 'security' verb
      gives them the option to decide for themself which ids are more important and hence should have a
      greater effect on the exposure level. A weight of "0" means the setting will not be
      checked.
{
  "PrivateDevices":
    {
    "description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
    "description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
    "weight": 1000,
    "range": 1
    },
  "PrivateMounts":
    {
    "description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
    "description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
    "weight": 1000,
    "range": 1
    },
  "PrivateNetwork":
    {
    "description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
    "description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
    "weight": 2500,
    "range": 1
    },
  "PrivateTmp":
    {
    "description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
    "description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
    "weight": 1000,
    "range": 1
    },
  "PrivateUsers":
    {
    "description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
    "description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
    "weight": 1000,
    "range": 1
    }
}